Ratio Analysis Annual Published Statements †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Ratio Analysis Annual Published Statements. Answer: Presentation: The current report depends on the examination of the proportion for RIO Tinto and BHP Billiton. The proportions will be founded on the regions of benefit, dissolvability, liquidity and productivity proportion. Figures extricated are from the yearly distributed proclamations of the separate organizations. As apparent the current proportion for Rio Tinto has spoken to a rising pattern as the organization in the year 2012 detailed current proportion of 1.42 though in the year 2017 the current expanded to 1.71 speaking to that Rio Tinto has been using its advantages for meet its obligation commitments. Rio Tinto then again announced a solid arrangement of results with higher working income of US $13.9 billion and mirrored a powerful operational exhibition. BHP Billiton in 2012 revealed a current proportion of 0.93 anyway over the range of six years the current proportion stood firmly to 1.85. This gives a diagram that BHP Billiton has had the option to pay its liabilities. The organization posted a solid budgetary outcomes with positive working income of US $12.6 billion. In like manner, the brisk proportion for Rio Tinto in 2012 stood 0.96 which consequently expanded to 1.32 in 2014. In spite of the fact that the fast proportion declined in 2016 to 1.27 anyway in 2017 the speedy proportion expanded to 1.37. This mirrors the organization has adequate advantages for meet its momentary commitments. The purpose behind increment in fast proportion is basically a direct result of solid basic EBITDA of US $18.6 billion and with a multi year record edge of 44% in 2017. BHP announced a fast proportion of 0.91 in 2012 which expanded over the range of five years to 1.76. BHP detailed a higher fast proportion than Rio Tinto as the organization has better figured out how to advantages for pay transient commitments. The explanation behind ascent in fast proportion is principally a result of $12.6 billion money exhibiting a proceeded with progress in both the profitability and productivity. Rio Tinto revealed an obligation proportion a lower obligation proportion of 0.47 in 2017 mirroring that the organization has lower extent of benefits financed by resources. The essential purpose behind lower obligation proportion is on the grounds that the organization took proportions of bringing down the obligation to US $3.8 billion of every 2017. BHP Billiton expressed an obligation proportion of generally stable obligation proportion as the organization revealed obligation proportion of 0.46 in 2017. The obligation proportion of BHP Billiton spoke to a lower level of BHPs resources that is offered by obligation. Sensibly the lower obligation proportion is to a great extent a result of paid off net obligation to US $9.8 billion from US $16.8 billion. The obligation to value proportion speaks to the monetary proportion that mirrors the general extent of investors value and obligation utilized to back the advantages of organization (Scott, 2015). The obligation to value proportion for Rio Tinto throughout the years has generally been changing as in 2012 the organization detailed an obligation proportion of 1.08 in 2013 and least of 0.87 in 2017. There is higher level of obligation that is utilized by the organization to back the advantages. Moreover, the expanding security yields and higher expansion with higher valuation of the US value advertise have diminished the instability and essentially brought down obligation for the Rio Tinto. BHP Billiton detailed a generally lower obligation to value proportion as in 2012 the proportion stood 0.93 while in 2017 it diminished to 0.87 speaking to a lower extent of investors value and obligation utilized to fund the advantages of organization. The hidden value costs for BHP Billiton has essentially improved the edges and creates a solid income. BHP Billiton lower net obligation and in accordance with the solid monetary presentation of non-money change of US $0.6 billion. Stock Turnover Ratio: The stock turnover proportion can be characterized as the proportion that speaks to how well the association is successfully dealing with its stock (Weygandt et al., 2015). The stock turnover proportion for Rio Tinto in 2012 stood lower to 8.31 anyway over the range of six years it expanded to 11.53 in 2017. This speaks to Rio Tinto generally more slow to change over its stock to the dollar sum. Regardless of the more slow stock transformation rate the market slants for Rio Tinto chinas gracefully side renewal were actualized and drop in the worldwide stock by 10 percent. Moreover, the market gracefully for titanium additionally improved in 2017 that was bolstered by lower stock and more tight flexibly. BHP Billiton revealed an improved stock turnover proportion of 0.56 in 2012 which further improved in 2017 with the organization announcing stock turnover of 0.33. This speaks to that the organization has been effective in changing over its income rapidly than Rio Tinto to the dollar sum. The essential purpose behind diminished stock proportion is a direct result of decreased expense of Esconda unit by seven percent bringing about persistent efficiency and great developments in stock. The benefit turnover proportion is viewed as the productivity proportion that helps in estimating the capacity of the association in creating deals from its advantages by contrasting the net deals and the normal all out resources (Williams, 2014). Rio Tinto announced a generally steady resource turnover proportion of 0.44 in 2012. In spite of the fact that the proportion fell in 2015 to 0.38 anyway in 2017 it stood emphatically to 0.46. The essential purpose behind improved resource turnover proportion is a direct result of solid monetary record, world-class resources and trained assignment of capital spots Rio Tinto in the interesting situation of having the option to put resources into higher worth development and give better come back from its benefits than investors. BHP Billiton detailed a declining pattern of benefit turnover proportion. The proportion in 2012 stood 0.65 while in 2017 it felled down to as low as 0.32. This speaks to that the organization has created lower extent of deals from its advantages. In spite of the lower extent of focused deals, the five star resources produce noteworthy measure of money from all the stages and with positive accounting report and come back to investors of US $4.4 billion. The productivity proportion is utilized decide the capacity of the business in creating the income in contrast with the use and different business costs that are happened during the specific timespan (Weygandt et al., 2015). Net Profit Margin: The net overall revenue speaks to the level of income that is left over after the use are deducted from the deals. In the event of Rio Tinto, the overall revenue proportion over the range of five years stood moderately steady. The proportion in 2012 stood 17.56 while in 2017 it expanded possibly to 20.25. The essential explanation behind improved net revenue is solid fundamental profit of US $8.6 billion and solid net income of US $8.8 billion out of 2017. BHP Billiton revealed an overall revenue proportion of 21.21 in 2012 though in 2016 the net revenue declined to - 19.80 mirroring a fall in the edge of benefit for the organization. Be that as it may, in 2017 the edge improved emphatically to stand 15.95. The essential explanation behind ascent in benefit for BHP is a result of the US $5.9 billion of inferable benefit in 2017 while the hidden inferable benefit was US $6.7 billion out of 2016. The arrival on resources shows how the organization is generally producing benefit in regard its complete resources (Warren Jones, 2018). If there should be an occurrence of Rio Tinto the arrival on resources stood moderately wild as in 2012 the proportion stood 17.56 while in 2015 it declined to 13.00. The proportion anyway improved to 20.25 in 2017. BHP detailed an arrival on resources of 13.69 in 2012 anyway in 2016 the advantage declined to - 5.19. In the ensuing year of 2017 the benefit has improved decidedly to 5.18. The organization has broadened arrangement of sending innovation and applying capital order to extricate most and better yield from its benefits. The RIO Tinto improve return on resources is fundamentally a direct result of the organization US $50 billion resource with most worth inventive projects to give come back from the advantages. End: On a convincing note the investigation can be finished up by expressing that Rio Tinto has moderately announced a solid monetary presentation in regard to BHP Billiton. The current proportion and brisk proportion remained steadfast for Rio Tinto and the overall revenue mirrors that the organization has better capacity to produced deals income from its advantages utilized. Reference List: Gitman, L. J., Juchau, R., Flanagan, J. (2015).Principles of administrative account. Pearson Higher Education AU. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Howieson, B. (2015).Issues in money related bookkeeping. Pearson Higher Education AU. Narayanaswamy, R. (2017).Financial bookkeeping: an administrative point of view. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. (2017).Contemporary natural bookkeeping: issues, ideas and practice. Routledge. Scott, W. R. (2015).Financial bookkeeping theory(Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Prentice Hall. Warren, C. S., Jones, J. (2018).Corporate money related bookkeeping. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2015).Financial administrative bookkeeping. John Wiley Sons. Williams, J. (2014).Financial bookkeeping. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Activity Intended for Enhancing a Skill Essay Example for Free

Movement Intended for Enhancing a Skill Essay This paper inspects the adequacy of the action that is done so as to improve a specific aptitude. The movement of transforming letters into words is chosen and completed as a game between the individuals from a distinguished gathering with the fundamental target being achievement of improved gathering execution and advancement. The paper looks at the level of reaction accomplished in the aptitude with the assistance of the proposed movement. The round of Turning Letters into Words is a movement that is picked to improve the turn of events and execution of a gathering and is an incredible device to create information capacities and abilities through support. Partitioning the entire gathering into littler groups helps in building an organized methodology towards shared gathering objective. This movement makes an animating learning condition for every part and sharpens their social abilities to augment the team’s execution and improvement. All the individuals take an interest completely in wording giving individual commitment just as cooperating with others. Being a vital piece of the group and having the obligation of making the most extreme words conceivable with the gave letters, gives a lift to the solidarity. Every part is then expected to examine oneself regarding whether the letters contributed by him/her aided or confined the colleagues in benefiting as much as possible from the required long words. This draws out the sentiment of cohesiveness and stifles the individualistic methodology, which helps in fast increment in execution levels. The aggregate demonstration of picking the letters and making greatest words unites the individuals, yet additionally advances the sentiment of trust, participation and the series of wins. The sentiment of contending at the gathering level causes he individuals to adapt to the unmistakable practices and points of view, without getting into habitual pettiness. Every part endeavors to accomplish the most extreme number of words by unconsciously moving in the direction of the qualities and shortcomings of their own groups and articulating the team’s vision. The movement of shaping words as a group helps in setting up clear group rules, goals and a very much idea out group direction process. The way toward mapping the individual execution with the team’s by and large execution while working at a high limit in the current job increases the gathering improvement to achieve the most extreme exhibition. In any case, an investigation of the group members’ response uncovers that the age bunch is a huge factor in characterizing the individual’s reaction to such aptitude improving exercises. The diverse arrangement of qualities and demeanor portray the manner in which the more seasoned age isn't so quick with concocting new words. The more up to date age anyway reacts all the more rapidly to such aptitude granulating exercises. Accordingly, it tends to be reasoned that deliberately structured exercises can without a doubt be utilized to encourage essential aptitudes, for example, yielding execution measurements, gave the administration is well learned about the level of responsiveness. References http://www. teambuildingportal. com/games/turning-letters-words. php

Barbecue vs. Barbeque

Grill versus Grill Grill versus Grill Grill versus Grill By Maeve Maddox We as a whole have our arrangements of language bothers. In all likelihood, no two of our rundowns are the equivalent. The peruser whose email provoked this post can’t stand the spelling grill: One of my pet abhors (I have in excess of a couple) is barbeque†. At the point when I hear that this spellinghas went into regular use I become phenomenally furious. I have entered it into the NGram and [discovered] an inappropriate spelling has slowly made strides and the correct spelling is declining. Is this the eventual fate of language? I can identify with the torment a kindred language darling feels when confronted with one of his bothers, however I need to concede that grill doesn’t even register as a â€Å"one† on my size of phonetic misery. I experienced childhood in a town in which the spots represent considerable authority in this kind of cooking spell it Bar-B-Q on their signs and BBQ on their menus. Grill looks fine to me. The primary gleam of grill on the Ngram Viewer appears in 1893. Bar-b-que is there as right on time as 1889. Grill starts its ascent during the 1960s; BBQ during the 1970s. Grill, in any case, stays by a wide margin the most well-known spelling in printed books. Something that may have added to the advancement of the grill spelling could be a bogus historical underpinnings that once got out and about on the Web and may pre-date email deceptions. As indicated by this innovative clarification, the word gets from a French act of broiling a goat entire, â€Å"from whiskers to tail,† i.e., â€Å"barbe (facial hair) (to) line (tail). Truth be told, grill entered English as an acquiring from Spanish barbacoa. The word experienced different spelling changes before settling down to the standard spelling of grill. The OED shows spellings archived at various dates: Barbacu (1661) Barbicu (1690) Barbecu (1697) Barbicue (1773) In his journals, George Washington (1732-1799) spelled it both Barbicue and Barbecue. The Spanish got the word from the Arawakan word barbakoa, â€Å"framework of sticks.† This was a raised wood structure that served two capacities for the Indians: 1. to rest on; 2. to fix meat on. The significance â€Å"an outside feast of cooked meat or fish as a social entertainment† is from 1733. The importance â€Å"a flame broil for cooking over an open fire† dates from 1931. The action word â€Å"to barbecue† has been being used since 1690, yet its first importance was â€Å"to dry or fix meat.† Now it implies â€Å"to cook or roast.† A Google scan raises more hits for grill, yet grill isn't a long ways behind: grill 13,200,000 grill 12,400,000 Primary concern: The standard spelling is grill, however grill is a perceived North American variation. English speakers, including Australians, are encouraged to adhere to grill, however Americans and Canadians have the choice to spell it in any case: Merriam-Webster and the Oxford Canadian Dictionary of Current English both rundown grill without partiality. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:Homograph ExamplesWhen to Form a Plural with an ApostropheTreatment of Words That Include â€Å"Self†

An Overview of the Process of Balkanization

An Overview of the Process of Balkanization Balkanization is a term used to depict the division or discontinuity of a state or area into littler, frequently ethnically comparative spots. The term can likewise allude to the deterioration or separation of different things, for example, organizations, Internet sites or even neighborhoods. For the motivations behind this article and from a geographic point of view, balkanization will depict the fracture of states as well as locales. In certain regions that have encountered balkanization the term portrays the breakdown of multiethnic states into places that are presently ethnically comparable fascisms and have experienced numerous genuine political and social issues, for example, ethnic purging and common war. Thus, balkanization, particularly as to states and districts, is commonly not a positive term as there is regularly much political, social and social hardship that happens when balkanization happens. Advancement of the Term Balkanization Balkanization initially alluded to Europe’s Balkan Peninsula and its notable separation after control by the Ottoman Empire. The term balkanization itself was begat toward the finish of World War I following this separation just as that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire. Since the mid 1900s, Europe, just as different places the world over, have seen both effective and fruitless endeavors at balkanization and there are still a few endeavors and conversations of balkanization in certain nations today. Endeavors at Balkanization During the 1950s and 1960s, balkanization started happening outside of the Balkans and Europe when a few British and French pioneer domains started dividing and separating in Africa. Balkanization was at its tallness in the mid 1990s anyway when the Soviet Union crumbled and the previous Yugoslavia broke down. With the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the nations of Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were made. In the production of a portion of these nations, there was frequently outrageous brutality and threatening vibe. For instance, Armenia and Azerbaijan experience occasional war over their fringes and ethnic enclaves. Notwithstanding viciousness in a few, these recently made nations have encountered troublesome times of progress in their legislatures, economies, and social orders. Yugoslavia was made out of a blend of more than 20 distinctive ethnic gatherings toward the finish of World War I. Because of contrasts between these gatherings, there were rubbing and viciousness in the nation. Following World War II, Yugoslavia started to acquire strength however by 1980 the various groups inside the nation started battling for more autonomy. In the mid 1990s, Yugoslavia at long last broke down after around 250,000 individuals were slaughtered by war. The nations in the end made out of the previous Yugoslavia were Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Kosovo didn't announce its freedom until 2008 and it is as yet not perceived as completely autonomous by the whole world. The breakdown of the Soviet Union and the crumbling of the previous Yugoslavia are the absolute best yet in addition the most fierce endeavors at balkanization that have occurred. There have additionally been endeavors to balkanize in Kashmir, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Kurdistan, and Iraq. In every one of these zones, there are social as well as ethnic contrasts that have made various groups need to split away from the principle nation. In Kashmir, Muslims in Jammu and Kashmir are attempting to split away from India, while in Sri Lanka the Tamil Tigers (a dissenter association for the Tamil individuals) need to split away from that nation. Individuals in the southeastern piece of Nigeria announced themselves to be the territory of Biafra and in Iraq, Sunni and Shiite Muslims battle to split away from Iraq. What's more, Kurdish individuals in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran have battled to make the State of Kurdistan. Kurdistan is presently not a free state but rather it is somewhat a district with a for the most part Kurdish populace. Balkanization of America and Europe As of late there has been discussion of the balkanized conditions of America and of balkanization in Europe. In these cases, the term isn't utilized to portray the fierce discontinuity that happened in places like the previous Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. In these cases, it depicts potential divisions based political, monetary and social contrasts. Some political reporters in the United States, for instance, guarantee that balkanized or divided in light of the fact that it is uncommon interests with decisions in explicit territories than with administering the whole nation (West, 2012). In light of these distinctions, there have additionally been a few conversations and rebel developments at the national and nearby levels. In Europe, there are exceptionally huge nations with various beliefs and suppositions and subsequently, it has confronted balkanization. For instance, there have been dissenter developments on the Iberian Peninsula and in Spain, especially in the Basque and Catalan areas (McLean, 2005). Regardless of whether in the Balkans or in different pieces of the world, vicious or not brutal, obviously balkanization is a significant idea that has and will keep on molding the topography of the world.

Virtual Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Learning - Essay Example Pursel and Bailey (2005) concentrate on how online computer games can add to the elearning forms and animate them. They investigate various assets showing that there are two essential impediments of web based learning. Students for the most part need inspiration and they don't associate enough during their online courses. Pursel and Bailey (2005) recommend that so as to upgrade the elearning prospects new methodologies ought to be received by educators. The new age forms data in an alternate manner in contrast with their folks', subsequently strategies utilized in web based games must be remembered for the virtual learning. The writer's principle reason recorded as a hard copy the article is to offer an elective arrangement in beating the diminishing interest and estimation of courses led on the web. Their endeavor presents creative and encouraging model of the learning inside the virtual world. Instruction is an incredible resource which changes correspondence in a more elevated level. The advantages of good quality online instruction, anyway are not accessible to the urban areas of society. Pursel and Bailey (2005) give data just about the U.S. buyers and don't allude to sources about the remainder of the world. Yajnik (2005) takes note of that data innovation is such an amazing asset, that can possibly make training accessible even to individuals in remote areas. The essential restrictions absence of intelligence and inspiration deficiency that Pursel and Bailey (2005) must be identified with a particular layers from the general public and explanations made about the monetary status from the nation in questions. The speculations conveyed by Pursel and Bailey (2005) show restricted research scope. A risky issue is that most of the individuals who drop out of the online courses don't discover them sufficiently trying. It is of basic significance to underscore that Pursel an d Bailey's (2005) proposition to join computer games systems into elearning is coordinated essentially to fulfill the necessities of U.S. understudy crowd. In nations with creating economies understudies are eager to participate in a wide range of figuring out how to higher their instructive foundation. Yajnik (2005) recommends that the development in correspondence innovation in India augments the partition between the individuals who approach and the individuals who don't. The principle assignment of elearning techniques isn't to expand the social hole presenting computer games approach, however to make it workable for immature nations to have similar chances. Executing computer games in the structure of online courses will make prompt prohibition of specific clients. E-learning coaches might not have any desire to hazard data rejection of their understudies by complex structure or unreasonably expensive programming. Kenya's instruction serve, Professor George Saitoti (refered to in Ogodo, 2007) says that when incorporated into instructive framework the Internet Communication advances have the abilities to improve the conveyance of training through separation learning, give access to all inclusive computerized libraries, offer manners by which colleges can all inclusive contend an d offer upgrades in scholastic organization (standard. 17). The elearning advancements offer new manners by which the quality and adequacy of advanced education is conveyed. Anyway the manner by which elearning will be made useful relies upon the

Interview With Sivani Former Blogger UIUC Pre Med

Interview With Sivani Former Blogger UIUC Pre Med As a prospective student, I was always interested in engaging one-on-one with the students. I wanted to know what life on campus was really like aside from what I heard from faculty speeches and tour guides. The UIUC admissions blog was one way that I could get a genuine sense of Illinois as I discovered a couple of student bloggers who I resonated with â€" like former U of I pre med student Sivani. Reading her posts was like receiving advice from an older, wiser best friend at the end of a busy day. Not to mention, her writing seemed to read my mind whenever I wondered about life as an MCB major or how to stay energized without coffee (a true skill). I admired her candidness, especially when she wrote about the stress of college. So before the semester began (and through the beauty of social media) I reached out to her for some pre med/blog advice when she mentioned that she’s always wanted to publish about her future plans post graduation. Here’s what she’s been up to, plus s ome more friendly advice: It’s getting close to 3 years since I walked across the stage at Krannert Center on a gorgeous 18 degree day in December. I think about how I left this blog incomplete quite frequently actually. Perhaps because when I graduated, I felt weird. I had finished a major milestone, but without an acceptance to medical school or a job lined up, I didn’t feel like I had accomplished anything. It felt like any other day on campus where I just happened to be wearing all blue and surrounded by my family. That feeling of incompleteness was why I stopped blogging  â€" I didn’t feel like I had anything to share with the Illinois family. However, all that has changed. Thanks to the lovely Fiza for reaching out and getting back in touch, and providing me the opportunity to do something that I have always wanted to do since graduating! So what have I been up to since graduation? … Surprise â€" I’m currently a M3 student (Class of 2020) who just started clinical rotations this past June. Why did you choose U of I? I’ll keep it simple:  powerhouse academics and research, fantastic campus (I love a good snowy Quad pic even now), close location to my family in Chicagoland, and it’s where I saw myself going to school. Best restaurants on campus? Basil Thai in Urbana â€" their pad thai got me through junior year. Which extracurriculars or hobbies were you involved in at Illinois? I was really involved in Alpha Epsilon Delta, and became president my junior year. I was also an MCB Leader. I was an LAS 101 Intern my junior year. Aside from those positions, I researched in the Simons Lab for Visual Cognition and was an independent project student. In what way did Illinois make you a more competitive applicant for med school? This is a great question. I think that the coursework I took at U of I through the MCB major/chem minor was extremely rigorous and a great way to show med schools that I was prepared for their curriculums. Molecular and Cellular Biology is a very nuanced field, and it’s rare for most students to have a specialized bio degree outside of general biology or human biology. Furthermore, I had the chance to pursue a wide array of classes in topics that interested me outside of science. I took a great Medical Ethics course my senior year and a fun Bollywood Film Analysis Class my freshman year that I really enjoyed. Furthermore, thanks to the AP credit system, I was able to graduate one semester early and spend that time working in the field to gain experience (I did clinical and translational research at Feinberg in Chicago). Any college regrets? I regret not pursuing a Spanish minor. It’s really useful to have command of the language in the healthcare field. Plus, I would have been able to study abroad through the minor, which I deeply regret not being able to do. Favorite class you took at Illinois? NEUR/PSYCH 413: Psychopharmacology. Great professor and extremely well taught! It was really interesting to me, and I still love pharm (my favorite class in medical school). What’s something about college that you didn’t expect? I didn’t expect myself to have such difficulty sticking to a schedule. However, if I could go back in time to start working on self discipline early, I think it would have been an easier  transition during my freshman year. What’s your favorite memory of Illinois? I asked myself this exact question 3 years ago  and still can’t pick a single memory. I loved everything: from my first MCB 150 lecture in Foellinger, to quiet moments at Krannert by myself on the steps of the amphitheater, to when Alma was gone so you could climb on the statue and take pics, to when she returned and we took pics, to when I would go on morning runs to the Japan House, to when Ellen “came” to campus, and so many more. Sometimes, you just step foot on ground and realize you are home. That’s exactly what happened to me at U of I â€" I was at home. Number one tip of advice for pre meds? Do not quit. When I graduated, I had not heard back from any medical schools yet. I wasn’t hearing back from research positions either. It’s disheartening. However, make sure you rest and keep going. The average M1 is 25 years old. So many of my great friends in med school have taken 1+ gap years. It’s totally normal to want to take some time after undergrad to gain some work experience and travel. Live your life, and make sure medical school is exactly what you want to do before applying. If you could go back in time to junior/senior year of high school, what advice would you give yourself? Life is hilariously ironic, as you will come to find out. Perhaps a gap year or two would have been a better idea than jamming in every requirement in 3.5 years! If I could summarize what the last 3 years have been for me in one word, it’s crazy. If you told me when I was I graduated that I would be holding a human heart in my hand, using a bone saw to help dissect vertebrae, find a fetal heart rate through a pregnant woman’s belly, suture up skin incisions in surgery, intubate a patient, and fly on a private jet to procure organs for transplantation, I would have either laughed (because I didn’t think I’d be that lucky) or cried (because that sounded like a farfetched dream). I’m a dramatic person, to say the least! However, at Illinois, all of those things AND MORE are possible. You just have to be willing to look for opportunities and seize them when the time is right. Get involved in extracurriculars, make connections with advisors and mentors, pick classes that interest you, apply for internships and leadership positions, travel the world and learn a new language! The world is yours, Illini, and it’s time to start exploring! Love, Sivani Fiza Class of 2022 My major is Molecular and Cellular Biology (more commonly and lovingly known as MCB) in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I'm on the pre-med trackâ€"I’ve dreamed of becoming a doctor since I could spell the word!

Writing a psychology thesis All the best info is here! BookwormLab!

Writing a psychology thesis? All the best info is here! BookwormLab! Writing a psychology thesis? All the best info is here! BookwormLab! Preparing a psychology thesis is always interesting as most of the psychology thesis topics cover a particular behavior condition of human nature. When you are attempting a psychology thesis paper, my advice is keep away from phone calls and all other distractions until you have a concrete sketch of your psychology thesis. Select a psychology thesis which interests you. There are a lot of topics like child psychology, criminal psychology, abnormal psychology and many other topics which you can select for your psychology thesis writing. Get psychology thesis ideas on your relevant topic which interests you. Your family, friends and teachers can help you in researching and getting ideas on the topic. You can make questions on the relevant topic which will help you to research deeply. Your psychology thesis is the most important part of your psychology study and you should enjoy writing your thesis. You have to do some planning on the approach you would take. You can make it unique by f raming questions of a different kind. Take care to use straightforward and simple language which will evoke a genuine interest in your psychology thesis. Most students experience a great deal of stress while preparing a psychology thesis. You can avail of custom psychology thesis from experts who will prepare the best psychology thesis according to your needs and ensure that it is unique and outstanding. You can get psychology thesis example from the net or from other sources. But most of them would contain the same points that would not evoke any interest in the reader. You need to prepare a dynamic public relations thesis which will hold the interest of the reader. With a little effort and help from professionals, you can prepare the best psychology thesis which should be a rewarding experience to you as a psychology student. You can work along with an expert, put your ideas into practice, make your own questions and create a unique psychology thesis which will help you complete your psychology course with confidence. You can get all information, history, previous case studies, and current experiences and theory on your research pap er from a professional and prepare your own psychology thesis to your satisfaction.

African Americans Had A Tough Time Being Socially Accepted

African Americans had a tough time being socially accepted in America from the time they were brought on slave ships in the 1600’s. African Americans worked for slave owners following their every command whether it was picking cotton in the fields, cooking for the slave owners families or any demeaning tasks. Slavery took place until President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 which declared â€Å"that all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are and henceforth shall be free.† After the Emancipation Proclamation, most slaves were on their own, they had to restart their lives. Much of them only knew hard field labor work. However, many wanted to pursue educational journeys. During slavery, slaves†¦show more content†¦Six years later in 1881 he helped establish Tuskegee Institute; this school would teach African American vocational skills or a trade. Booker T. Washington believed the best way for African Americans to be successful was to have a skill or trade. Mostly because he wanted blacks to prove that they should be treated equally, Booker T. Washington would later carry on his believes in many of his future works. W. E. B. DuBois was born in Massachusetts in 1868. Unlike Washington, DuBois was born a free man. He lived in a middle-class population with mostly Europeans, going to school was not a hassle for him even though there were not many black students. Dubois would attend elementary and high school in the town where he lived. Dubois said that he received a lot of enthusiasm from his peers. When he was 17, W.E. B. Dubois traveled to Nashville, Tennessee to attend Fisk University. While there, he studied Latin, Greek, English, Chemistry, and Physics. Even though Dubois wanted an education he would first encounter racial discrimination with the Jim Crow laws (blacks were not to be treated the same as whites). This was an eye-opening experience that changed his life and opened his eyes . After he graduated from Fisk University, W.E.B. Dubois would move back up north to attend Harvard University to work on his Master’s degree. The incident that opened his eyes politically was a trip to study abroad in Berlin, Germany. Dubois studied with some of the most intelligentShow MoreRelatedHow Do You Account for the Failure of Reconstruction to Bring Social and Economic Equality of Opportunity to the Former Slaves766 Words   |  4 Pageslittle bit of time for America to give social and economic equality to slaves. There were many attempts made by several different presidents, but not all seemed to work due to the South’s stubbornness. The failure of reconstruction later did not bring social and economic equality to former slaves in the south because of things like the Jim Crow laws and the South’s strong disproval of the outcome of the war. 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Tropical Caribbe Climate Of The Caribbean Essay - 1595 Words

Tropical –The Caribbean CLIMATE: The climate of the Caribbean is tropical but rainfall varies with elevation, size and water currents. Warm trade winds blow consistently from the east creating semi desert places on mountainous islands. Occasional north westerlies affect the northern islands in the winter. The area has year round sunshine, divided into dry and wet seasons, with the first half of the year being drier than the second half. The average temperature is 23 degrees Celsius. SOIL: There are three main soil types in the Caribbean Cristal Soil- This soil is usually in coves or on slopes and has layers that stack deep and prevent proper drainage. It is full of clay and mud, with several layers of different types of clay which range in colour from grey to brown to tan. It is not very fertile soil. Zarzal Soil- Zarzal soil is ideal for gardening and landscaping because it drains well and is very fertile. It is commonly on mountainsides and it layers deeply. The soil is dark red and is made of a lot of clay but it drains well. Humatas Soil- This soil is found on ridges and hillsides, it has a silty texture and dark chocolate brown colour for around 10 centimetres. The net subsoil is about 30 centimetres thick with chunks of clay and is a yellow colour. The layers are mostly silty and have lots of clay. Animals Description Turtles Turtles are reptiles that have shells to protect them. They come onto land to lay their eggs. Tapir A tapir is a large herbivorous

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Analysis Of Marvell s An Elegy Upon The Death Of My...

Marvell s earliest surviving verses lead to no conclusions about his religion and politics as a student. Two of his works were published in 1637 by Cambridge poets in honor of the birth of the first child of Charles I. One of the poems was in Greek while the other Ad Regem Carolum Parodia in Latin, the latter of which is considered to be a parody of Horace’s Odes 1.2 in language, structure and meter. Marvell praises the grandeur and fertility of the King in the wake of the plague in Cambridge in 1636, mirroring Horace’s hails of Agustus as the saviour during the flood of Tiber. Marvell’s Greek piece, on the other hand, claims that the birth of the King’s fifth child had exonerated the number five of all ill omens sincethere had been many attempts to assassinate James I on 5 August 1600 and 5 November 1605. An Elegy upon the Death of my Lord Francis Villiers was first published in the H. M. Margoliouth edition (1927) from an apparently unique pamphlet left to the Worcester College Library by George Clarke (1660-1736) with an ascription of the poem to Marvell in Clarke s hand. Villiers (1629-1648), posthumous son of the assassinated royal favorite George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham, died in a skirmish against Parliamentary forces. Here Marvell bemoans not just the death of a Royalist, but makes a martyr of a Royalist killed in military action against the revolutionary government. Fame had Much rather told How heavy Cromwell gnasht the earth and fell. / Or how

Nephron Technology for Lube Oil Free Essays

string(116) " machines require pans under them, which need to be vacuumed regularly, and the waste oils pose a disposal problem\." Nephron technology makes a difference Engr Maliha Maisha Rahman Bannichi Enterprise limited Literature Review:TBN: In short, a TBN (total base number) measures the amount of active additive left in a sample of oil. The TBN of a used oil can aid the user in determining how much reserve additive the oil has left to neutralize acids. The lower the TBN reading, the less active additive the oil has left. We will write a custom essay sample on Nephron Technology for Lube Oil or any similar topic only for you Order Now Oil’s function is to lubricate, clean, and cool the engine. Additives are added to the oil to enhance those functions. Viscosity: Technically, viscosity is defined as resistance to flow. Commonly though, we think of it as an oil’s thickness. To be more specific, it is the thickness of an oil at a given temperature. The viscosity of an oil could be reported at any temperature, but to standardize things, most laboratories report either a low temp (100F or 40C) or a high temp (210F or 100C) and stick with either SUS or cSt. The standardized temperature reading allows us to compare apples to apples for judging the thickness of the oil. Single Grade ; Multi Grade Viscosity: today since most gas- or diesel-engine manufacturers recommend multi-grades. At operating temperature, a straight weight performs just as well as a multi-viscosity oil, and there is nothing wrong with using a straight weight. It’s just a simpler form of oil. Some diesel fleets still use straight weights, as do about half the piston aircraft operators. The difference between multi-grade and straight-weight oil is simply the addition of a viscosity improving (VI) additive. The most common grade of automotive oil in use today is the 5W/30, which is a mineral oil refined with VI additives that leave it reading as an SAE 5W viscosity when cold, yet an SAE 30W when hot (210F). The advantage to the multi-weight is that when starting the engine, the multi-viscosity oil (with its thickness of an SAE 5W when cold), allows the engine to spin over more easily. The most common diesel use oil is 15W/40. It is an SAE 15W oil with a VI additive that leaves it the thickness of an SAE 40 weight at operating temperature. What makes an oil a diesel-use oil (rather than automotive-use) is the level of additives used. Diesels require heavier levels of dispersant and anti-wear additives. These heavier additive levels are objectionable for automotive engines since they may interfere with the emission controls andated by the EPA. Need To Choose the Proper Viscosity: We are seeing that trend for newer engines, for which the recommended grade is getting progressively lighter. The common 10W/30 has become a 5W/30, and some manufacturers even recommend 5W/20 oil. On the other hand, we can’t see (in oil analysis) where it hurts anything to run heavier 10W/30s or even 10W/4 0s in modern automotive engines. The heavier oils provide more bearing film, and that’s important at the lower end. If your oil is too light, the bearing metals can increase. If the oil is too heavy, the upper end metals can increase. The trick is to find the right viscosity for your particular engine, which is why we suggest following the manufacturer’s recommendation. Changes in Viscosity/Adding additives? Then the Result Comes: Adding anything foreign to your oil can change its viscosity. Some types of after-market oil additives cause a quite high viscosity at operating temperature. While an additive might improve bearing wear, it can often cause poorer upper-end wear. We don’t recommend any type of after-market additives. Other changes to viscosity can result from contamination of the oil. Moisture and fuel can both cause the viscosity to increase or decrease, depending on the contaminant and how long it has been present in the oil. Antifreeze often increases an oil’s viscosity. Exposure to excessive heat (leaving the oil in use too long, engine overheating) can also increase viscosity. When your oil’s viscosity comes back as either lower or higher than the â€Å"Should Be† range, something is causing it. If the high/low viscosity is hurting wear, the key is to find out what it is and repair your engine or adjust your driving habits accordingly, to correct the viscosity and optimize your engine’s efficiency. If you decide to use a different viscosity oil than what the manufacturer recommends, you might want to use oil analysis while you are experimenting. Your wear data doesn’t lie. People selling oils and additives may be sincere, but they don’t have to live with the results. They simply smile a lot on the way to the bank. MoistureProblems: Industrial oils run â€Å"cold† compared to other (such as automotive-use) oils, and they tend to accumulate moisture. The moisture comes from humidity in the air, or in some cases, it’s directly introduced to the oil from coolants and related systems. Moisture affects the lubricity of the oil, decreasing its effectiveness. Moisture in the oil can cause a variety of problems, such as poorly running hydraulic rams, machine sizing, and chatter. Another negative effect of moisture in oil is acidity. Oil, by its molecular nature, cannot become an acid. But there is always a little moisture present in oils operating at relatively cool temperatures, and that moisture can turn acidic. Acids in a machine’s oil sump will corrosively attack internal parts not only the metallic parts, but the seals as well. Corroded valves become ineffective. Many headaches in a machine’s operation can be directly attributed to oil condition. Though oils do not respond to the pH test, there is a neutralization test called Total Acid Number (TAN) that can easily spot oil that is becoming problematic. AbrasionProblems Industrial oil becomes abrasive from wear metals, abrasive dirt, and particle contamination. The most serious result of abrasive oil is the detrimental effect it has on seals. Machine seals are lubricated by the system’s oil, and they will last a long time if the oils are maintained effectively. If they are not maintained properly, the seals will degrade and cause leakage. Leaking machines require pans under them, which need to be vacuumed regularly, and the waste oils pose a disposal problem. You read "Nephron Technology for Lube Oil" in category "Essay examples" Fresh oil is purchased needlessly, running up maintenance costs. Machines that leak oil also run the risk of being run low on oil and having improper oils used as replacement. All these expensive problems can be eliminated by keeping machine oils in serviceable condition. WhatAboutFilteringOil? Many industrial operations hire filtration companies to filter insolubles and abrasive contaminants from their oil. Some plants operate their own filtration equipment. Filtering oil that’s currently in use is a good idea, and it helps companies avoid needlessly purchasing virgin oil products, but it has limits. Oil that is filtered too many times can contain damaged additives. If the additives are damaged, the oil can’t function effectively: the oil loses lubricity and becomes oxidized. There is a point at which the additives either need to be restored or the oil needs to be replaced, and oil analysis is useful in determining this point. It can also help to rate the effectiveness of a company’s filtration program. Not all wear metals and abrasive contaminants can be filtered out of the oil; they tend to accumulate and eventually reach levels that leave the oil unserviceable. A test known as the ISO Cleanliness Code (also called a â€Å"Particle Count†) can be used to rate the cleanliness of an oil sample. This test also shows the effectiveness of the machine’s in-line oil filtration. Insolubles test : The insolubles test measures the total insoluble materials in an oil sample, that is, all solid or liquid materials that are not soluble (won’t mix) in oil. Virgin oil shouldn’t have any insoluble materials in it. When it occasionally does, the most we normally find is a trace level. The insolubles in virgin oil are from the normal oxidation process of the oil, which leaves free carbon in suspension when oxygen forms with hydrogen (oil is a hydrocarbon). The insolubles test is a centrifuge method. A measured volume of oil is mixed with a heated solvent, agitated, and spun at high speed. Insoluble materials collect at the bottom of a tapered glass tube and can then be quantified. The insolubles test is a fair measure of how fast the oil is oxidizing and receiving contaminants, and how effectively the system’s oil filtration is functioning. Industrial oil normally contains very low insolubles due to the few and relatively mild heat cycles the oil experiences (heat cycles accelerate the oil’s normal tendency to oxidize). Further, oil filtration on industrial machines may filter particles as small as 2 to 10 microns, keeping the oil pristine for a very long time, often years. Automotive and aircraft oils however, suffer the most difficult environmental problems of all types of oils we analyze. They regularly receive blow-by products from the combustion process. They suffer extreme heat cycles. Any contaminant in the oil will accelerate the oxidation process, causing insoluble materials to increase. Engine oil needs to be changed regularly due to all of the above. Excessive insolubles can form in an engine oil if the oil: is running hot, is receiving more than a normal amount of contamination, is suffering more (or more severe) heat cycles than is normal, is being run longer than a typical use cycle, or, on the other side of the coin, if oil filtration is marginal or relatively ineffective. If we found no contamination in your oil and your change intervals are normal, we often mention a problem at oil filtration as a possible cause of higher insolubles. Insolubles may be forming because your oil change interval is too long for the condition of the engine. Your oil filter may be inferior. It is possible the oil filter bypass valve has relived if the filter is becoming restricted. The filter system bypass may also open upon unusually cold starts when the oil is too thick to pass through the filter media. Once the bypass relieves, the filter is effectively out of the system. Fig: insoluble pentane and tolueneReport of E16(without using nephron system) and E-45 (with our nephron system):Figure: working procedure of nephronMarine Engineering thesis- 30000 hours lubricating oil continued using experimentEngine specification, graphs showing lube oil change and viscosity, Tables showing wear and tear ratio. Engine Specification Engine model| | 8N21AL-EV| | Type| Vertical water-cooled 4-cycle diesel engine| Number of cylinder| 8| Cylinder bore x stroke [mm]| 210 x 290| Total displacement [lit. ]| 80. 36| Continuous rated output [kW(PS)]| | 1300 (1768)| | Engine speed [min-l]| | | 900 | 1000| | | Generator capacity [kWe]| | 1200| | Combustion system| Direct injection| Starting system| Air-motor starting| Engine model| | 6N21AL-EV| | Type| Vertical water-cooled 4-cycle diesel engine| Number of cylinder| 6| Cylinder bore x stroke [mm]| 210 x 290| Total displacement [lit. ]| 60. 27| Continuous rated output [kW(PS)]| | 970 (1319)| | Engine speed [min-l]| | | 900 1000| | | | Generator capacity [kWe]| | 900| | Combustion system| Direct injection| Starting system| Air-motor starting| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Conclusion: The nephron system cleans the impurities in the LO at almost the same time that they appear, continually cleaning and maintaining the oil. This is the main reason why this system was selected for this experiment. Those particles of the lube oil that do deteriorate via oxidation are so small when using the filtration system of the nephron system that they can be disregarded. The particles of lube oil that is lost when using lube oil are those that are oxidized, evaporated or destroyed by high temperature. In other words, the ratio of molecules with large molecular weight grows as time passes using the lube oil. This is because the molecules which are smaller are more susceptible to heat and are therefore lost more easily. The oil begins to resemble the properties of the high grade naturally occurring lube oil in such location as bright stock. The actual burning proof load of this oil is approximately 25% better than that of new oil. For these reasons it is natural to use nephron system. The more time proceeds it gets more viscous. How to cite Nephron Technology for Lube Oil, Essay examples

Pizza Hut Marktig Strategy free essay sample

The service of the company includes delivery and carry –out locations and kiosks in around 100 countries. Pizza Hut is one of the flagship brands of yum which has owned 100% shares of pizza hut UK ltd. (pizza hut franchisee) Pizza Hut ltd is a multinational fast-food chain which has been built a reputation of excellence in the past 40 years; it has become the fast food chain industry expert and has earned consumers expectation. As a leading pizza company, it requires innovation to make it profitable and productive. In addition it entails the best services and products to its customs. The excellent entrepreneurship, growth and leadership have characterized Pizza Hut’s business since 1985 when it was first open. Through the strength of its business strategy, its culture, its franchises, Pizza Hut expects to be more successful in the future. Pizza Hut mission statement ? Object: To be PEARLS ? Passion: doing everything excellently ? Execute: performing positive energy and urgency ? Accountable: Growth of customer satisfaction and profitability must be accountable ? Recognized: Achievement must be organized. ? Listen: listen to customers feedback are more important. Company Objectives: Pizza Hut’s main company objectives are to be the best pizza provider in the UK and to gain the top market position. There are another three objectives which are: ? Keep and increase a high quality product by providing its value and good service. ? Introducing new improvement of restaurants’ facilities. ? Use â€Å"best practice† approach, focus on staff as a resource to maintain† high performance† which can help the company to increase productivity, provide customer service and gain their market share. Providing helpful and friendly services to the customers by the well-trained staff. ttp://www. pizzahutfranchise. co. uk/index. html Methodology The secondary data has been used to analyze the information of first part of my assignment. I used website and internet resources and text books for collecting information. I also did some primary research in my recommendation: I went to the supermarket such as Tesco and Sainsbury, and did a little bit research on the chilled pizza which sold in the supermarket, it has been found that there is good opportunity for pizza hut to launch their product to the supermarket to expand the pizza market . According to my research, pricing and promotion has been targeted.   Marketing Mix The marketing mix for pizza hut fast food line is formed by traditional elements includes product, price, place and promotion Product price List price, Discounts structure Brand name, Packaging New product development Promotion place Adevertising, promotion Location, Customer service, PR,sponsorship. Distribution. People physical evidence Selection,Trainning,Motivation . Layout, ease of access (Figure1 Marketing Mix of Pizza hut) Product In UK pizza hut serves different types of pizzas with a variety of toppings for meat lovers, pepperoni lover, vegetarian and cheese lovers. There are four different basses for customer to choose: pan pizza: it is pizza hut’s signature product with thick pan –baked. Thin Italian pizza: This is an Italia style pizza which is thin and light. Cheese bite and stuffed crust pizza: a ring of melted cheese backed into the doughy bites or crust with garlic herb butter. Stuff Crust pizza is a unique product of pizza hut . It has been successful introduced to the market since it has been launched. Customers can add different toppings as they want. A range of other food is provided such as free unlimited salad with any main course, pastas. Considering the health requirement, pizza hut provide the food nutrition on the menu for customers to understand what types of food they can choose according to their health condition. Besides from the exit products, pizza hut also keep providing new food to gain the competitive advantage such as pasta and salad. According to the large of competitions, such as domino, pizza express. Pizza Hut offers an affordable price to everyone. Pizza hut uses a range of strategies to gain market shares. For example, pizza hut offers free salad with any main course, or providing free of eating for kids. This bundle strategy adds value to their customers. Place Pizza hut restaurant normally locates on retail or Leisure Park with a large parking area . There is also some delivery stores in the local areas for take away and delivery only. Three Different methods of direct selling to customers used by pizza hut: 1. pizza hut home delivery: customers make a call to the nearest store to order pizza, to delivery to their place. 2, full service restaurants is offered to t customers who want to dine in to enjoy the equipment and fresh food, or to take out. 3onling-odering. customer can use the coupon voucher easily. They go online, look at the menu, place the order and pay with the credit card. Promotion Pizza hut uses promotion strategy to introduce a new or exit product in order to change shot-term behavior customers. The main promotion strategies used by pizza hut are: Above-the-line: pizza hut uses traditional advertising route such as television, media and radio Below-the-line: Pizza hut also send the leaflet or discount voucher to customers’ house. IT helps to attract and keep their customers to go back again. Pizza hut also uses letter or email to inform their customers about the new products and special offers. It is a good way to create a relationship with customer and also can be used to get feedback from the customers to do researches and promotions. PR and sponsorship: it shows that pizza hut understands and concerns about the relationship between the company and the public. For example, pizza hut used its relationship with ISS (International Space Station) to be the first company who deliveries the first pizza to the space and eaten by people in space, it emphasizes the delivery service that whenever they want, whatever they want and wherever they want, even in the space, there will be pizza hut pizza. ( http://www. spaceref. com/news/viewpr. html? pid=4921) Pizza hut had a sponsor with channel 4 for Simpsons. In 2005, there is great success in introducing brand awareness of pizza hut’s home delivery sector by having a Sponsorship with Simpsons. (http://www. marketingweek. co. uk/channel-4-seeks-new-sponsor-for-simpsons-as-pizza-hut-pulls-out/2004819. article). Pizza hut currently supports two charities which are â€Å"Starlight† and â€Å"World Food Programme†. This also can help pizza hut to build up a good relation with worldwide. Personal: Competitive footsteps have been followed by Pizza. People can design their own favorite pizza by choosing the base and toppings. They have strong financial support by YUM (pizza hut Franchise Company). They have highly motivated staff to lead the successful of the organization. The big strength is that they do not only have full service restaurants but also delivery stores. Most of its competitors have either restaurants or take away stores. Regarding the point made above, it can be concluded that pizza hut targets on a wide segmentation. Weaknesses Pizza Hut has some weaknesses in terms of high cost on the products and services. One of the issues is the conflict between profit making and maintaining the competitiveness of Pizza Hut. Due to the external pressure from Dominos Ltd and lots of other companies which offer free pizza delivery services. Pizza Hut is pressurized into keeping up the free services with the others, meanwhile losing out on the opportunities of making a profit gain on it. Moreover, the computerized Customer Service Centers was too expensive. These are some weakness on the advertising strategy, according to the research (what research? state the title of research and reference! ) there is a lack of advertisement on the newspaper; this may suggests that Pizza Hut might lost that particular group of target audience. Opportunities: On the Pizza Hut website, they introduce a range of fresh salad which is free of charge with every main course to attract people who want to have some health food. According to the history of pizza hut market growth, the company is still growing rapidly worldwide by their good management, technical and financial resources. Pizza Hut company is acquiring for the partners who can assist stabilizing the growth as well as attaining more strategies and innovations to maintain the long term survival of the company. ( http://www. pizzahutfranchise. co. uk/html/franchisee_profile. tml) The on-line ordering system Pizza Hut provides can be seen as an opportunity as it offers convenience to customers. Treats Pizza Hut faces big treats from competitors such as Domino’s. Although Pizza Hut is on the top of the pizza chain, Domino’s intend to gain the marketleadership. http://adage. com/article/mediaworks/pizza-hut-domino-s-media-strategy/139027/ Due to the inflation, the cost of ingredients such as cheese and raw material will be increased. Most of pizza restaurants offer free delivery, and frequent promotional deals offering large pizzas at reduced prices.

Appearances Are Destructive free essay sample

Are Destructive Gilbert Keith Chesterton once said, â€Å"Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to another. † Certainly, Mr. Chesterton would not be so pleased if he could read a recent article by Mark Mathabane, entitled â€Å"Appearances Are Destructive,† in which the author claims that the interest of the present-day students in learning, â€Å"the soul,† has been replaced by the fiercest desire to have the best and most expensive outfits. By that reason, many parents and school personnel nowadays are more interested in children wearing uniform that they believe could lead studying process to more disciplined atmosphere. Nevertheless, trying to analyze advantages and disadvantages of both open and strict dress codes, three particular aspects should be considered: students’ progress in studies, their discipline and respect for the parents and other adults, and also their freedoms and rights. One of the main problems caused by the open dress code is the students’ excessive attention paid to what they wear instead of what they learn, which of course negatively affects their studying progress. We will write a custom essay sample on Appearances Are Destructive or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In comparison, uniform allow students’ to forget their social and outward differences, as everyone looks the same and there is no way to show off. Freedom of choice of own appearance is believed to develop student’s unique personality and taste but at the same time we can easily notice how many of the bad results it led educational system to. Certainly, these current day â€Å"school fashion shows† create a cruel competition among the students because every one wants to look the best. Mathabane notices that American students seem to pay more attention to the labels of their clothes rather than their academic achievements. Children even allow themselves to taunt at those who have an ordinary or inexpensive look and seem to be more interested in studying. When I was studying in school, we had the same kind of competition. Most children came to class with only purpose of showing their new outfits and gaining their portion of attention and respect. Moreover, in my private school, clothes were not the only way of showing off. â€Å"The morning parade† of different expensive cars with drivers and students coming out of it with shiny and proud of their status faces was maybe the most important part of the day. Unfortunately, on my own experience I’ve understood that competition among the classmates not only draws their attention far away from learning but also makes them unfriendly and sometimes even cruel to each other. In the modern world, the pecuniary side of life has become the main factor in distinguishing people by social classes; even in families children began to measure their parents’ love in the amounts of money they pamper their kids with and if they don’t they are considered bad ones. With this easy way of getting money, children don’t understand how hard some of their parents have to work to gain it. Kids want to have the best things to be able to boast of it and earn respect from others for their cool look. Teenage girls now believe that the only way to attract boys’ attention is to wear showy open clothes which they think make them look â€Å"sexy†. All these motivations create a circle because when one of the students comes to a class in a new and stylish outfit everyone instantly wants to have the same or even better. Therefore, they come to their parents asking for these new clothes saying that if mom and dad love him then they want him to look the best. My friend David was always one of those kids who gets everything he wants by â€Å"playing on the feelings† of his parents. He had everything brand new and most expensive, so everyone wanted to be his friend. At one time his family was going through hard times and their income temporarily decreased. David became an ordinary child for a while and in this moment he realized that the only thing he was previously respected for was his parents’ wealth but not his own personality. The results of the kids’ material perception of the world can be disastrous: when you see money as the only way of becoming happy you can do anything to get it; therefore, nowadays, children frequently become convicted in crimes and drug selling. Material benefits are certainly a good thing to have if you are a mature person who can treat it right but anyway it should never take over any human qualities or feelings. We all know the word â€Å"Freedom† as a representative of the United States well-being and liberty but thinking of the dress as a way of restricting human rights cannot be totally correct because of the many obvious benefits we have because due to it. Many of the current day enterprises have strict demands towards their employees’ appearances. Mostly it concerns their uniform. Dress codes give people a sense of unity and cooperation with each other; therefore, the working process seems to become highly effective. The presence of the dress code in schools has even greater results. It isn`t very expensive and every family can afford it. Furthermore, school uniform makes children more disciplined and better focused on the studying process because nothing draws their attention. In spite of all of these positive aspects, many people see the negative effect of school uniform in preventing children’s individuality. They think that if the children are alike in their clothes that makes them think and act ordinary and it restricts their freedom of expression. I have never been restricted in a way I present myself and it did harm my academic achievements by no means but it’s only one case; therefore I can’t claim it the only truth. The argument about any sort of effects on freedom people have has always been very popular as it opens a subject of human rights in which for some reasons people so furiously try not to be infringed, even if these restrictions lead to better results. Given the overwhelming evidence that the dress code has both negative and positive aspects of its use, I see it reasonable for every country to have both types of schools letting families to decide which school they want their child to study in based on their own views and beliefs. The only thing of great importance before making such a decision is to study all of the material on this topic in order to be aware of everything and don’t miss any significant detail.

Sample of Chapter 2 of an Investigatory Project (Steam-Powered Toy Car) Essay Example

Sample of Chapter 2 of an Investigatory Project (Steam-Powered Toy Car) Essay Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Introduction This chapter indicates the ideas, also the history, relevant to the experiment to provide information and further elaborate different standpoints that were the foundation of the proposed study, also on the background study of the different methods and concepts used by other researchers that applies to the present study. In order to develop new method and procedures, careful review of literature and studies must be done for the development of the study. The main purpose of this chapter is to identify and review theories on steam engine and to identify the deficiencies of those theories. Related Literature In general usage, the term ‘steam’ is the invisible vapor into which water is converted when it boils. On the contrary, it is the cloud of water droplets formed by the partial condensation of this vapor as it is cooled. [1] Steam is the technical term for ‘water vapor’, the gaseous phase of water. Since it is a vapor, it is logical that the density of steam is much less than that of water because the steam molecules are further apart from one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample of Chapter 2 of an Investigatory Project (Steam-Powered Toy Car) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sample of Chapter 2 of an Investigatory Project (Steam-Powered Toy Car) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sample of Chapter 2 of an Investigatory Project (Steam-Powered Toy Car) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The space immediately above the water surface thus becomes filled with less dense steam molecules. Water vapor that includes water droplets is described as wet steam. As wet steam is heated further, the droplets evaporate, and at a high enough temperature (which depends on the pressure) all of the water evaporates and the system is in vapor-liquid equilibrium. [2] Steam has many uses. In agriculture, it is used for soil sterilization to avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health. The steam is used to sterilize the soil in open fields and/or greenhouses. Pests of plant cultures such as weeds, bacteria, fungi and viruses are killed through induced hot steam which causes their cell structure to physically degenerate. Biologically, the method is considered a partial disinfection. It also has a large contribution of making our lives better at home: for cooking vegetables, steam cleaning of fabric and carpets, and heating buildings. In each case, water is heated in a boiler, and the steam carries the energy to a target object. While about 90% of all electricity is generated using steam as the working fluid, nearly all by steam turbines. 3] In electric generation, steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle, and returned to the boiler for re-use. However in cogeneration, steam is piped into buildings through a district heating system to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle. The worlds biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings i n Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants. [4] In other industrial applications steam is used for energy storage, which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer, usually through pipes. Steam is a capacious reservoir for thermal energy because of waters high heat of vaporization. Steam is also an effective lifting gas, providing approximately 60% as much lift as helium and twice as much as hot air. It is not flammable, unlike hydrogen, and is cheap and abundant, unlike helium. The required heat, however, leads to condensation problems and requires an insulated envelope. There are many examples in which steam is used. It is used for piping in utility lines. It is also used in jacketing and tracing of piping to maintain the uniform temperature in pipelines and vessels. Steam is used in the process of wood bending, killing insects and increasing plasticity. An autoclave, which uses steam under pressure, is used in microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization. Steam is used to accentuate drying especially in prefabricates. It is also used in cleaning of fibers, sometimes prior to painting. Other examples are already mentioned while tackling steam’s uses. Despite of all its uses, steam can also be dangerous. A steam explosion is formed when water comes to contact in contact with a very hot substance (e. . , lava, molten metal). These explosions have been responsible for many foundry accidents. A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are external combustion engines. [5] where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. Water turns to steam in a boiler and reaches a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed, and it is pumped back into the boiler. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. This cycle generates about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world. (see fig. 1)[6] Some practical steam engines discard the low-pressure steam instead of condensing it for reuse. Fig. 1 The Rankine cycle There are two fundamental components of a steam plant: the boiler or steam generator, and the motor unit, referred to itself as a steam engine. Stationary steam engines in fixed buildings may have the two parts in separate buildings some distance apart. For portable or mobile use, such as steam locomotives, the two are mounted together. Other components are often present; pumps (such as an injector) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporization, and super heaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapor point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes. When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox. The heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor or geothermal energy. While boilers are pressure vessels that contain water to be boiled and some kind of mechanism for transferring the heat to the water so as to boil it. A motor unit takes a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of steam at lower pressure and temperature, using as much of the difference in steam energy as possible to do mechanical work. A motor unit is often called steam engine in its own right. They will also operate on compressed air or other gas. Steam Engine has its own advantages especially to our present world. The strength of the steam engine for modern purposes is in its ability to convert heat from almost any source into mechanical work, unlike the internal combustion engine. Steam locomotives are especially advantageous at high elevations as they are not adversely affected by the lower atmospheric pressure. This was inadvertently discovered when steam locomotives operated at high altitudes in the mountains of South America were replaced by diesel-electric units of equivalent sea level power. These were quickly replaced by much more powerful locomotives capable of producing sufficient power at high altitude. For road vehicles, steam propulsion has the advantage of having high torque from stationary, removing the need for a clutch and transmission, though start-up time and sufficiently compact packaging remain a problem. Steam Engine’s now applied to many useful things. Very low power engines are used to power models and toys, and specialty applications such as the steam clock. Winding engines, rolling mill engines, steam donkeys (See figure 2) [7], marine engines, and similar applications which need to frequently stop and reverse. Engines providing power, which rarely stop and do not need to reverse. These include engines used in thermal power stations and those that were used in pumping stations, mills, factories and to power cable railways and cable tramways before the widespread use of electric power. Fig. 2 Steam donkey Steam engines have been used to power a wide array of transport appliances. Examples are steamboat, steamship, steam yacht, steam locomotive, fireless locomotive, traction engine, steam tractor, steam wagon, steam bus, steam tricycle, steam car, steam roller, steam shovel, steam tank (tracked), steam tank (wheeled), steam catapult, even steam rocket. The Corliss steam engine, a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves, was called the most significant advance in the steam engine since James Watt. In addition to using 30% less steam it provided more uniform speed, making is well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning. [8] On another hand, in Ancient Greece when girls were not at school and boys were not working, they played ball games with inflated pig’s bladders. Roman children played with wooden or clay dolls and hoops. Toys changed little through the centuries. In the 16th century children still layed with wooden dolls. Before the 20th century, children had few toys and those they did have were precious. Furthermore, children did not have much time to play. Only a minority went to school but most children were expected to help their parents doing simple jobs around the house or in the fields. Egyptian children played similar games to the ones children play today. They al so played with toys like dolls, toy soldiers, wooden animals, ball, marbles, spinning tops and knucklebones (which were thrown like dice). In the 19th century, middle class girls played with wood or porcelain dolls. They also had doll houses, model shops and skipping ropes. Boys played with toys like marbles and toy soldiers as well as toy trains. (Some toy trains had working engines fuelled by methylated spirits). They also played with toy boats. During World War II most toy factories were turned over to war production. However in the late 20th century with the arrival of an affluent society plastic and metal toys became much cheaper and much more common. Many new toys were invented in the 20th century. A model car or toy is a miniature representation of an automobile. Other miniature motor vehicles such as trucks, buses, or even ATV’s, etc. , are often included in the general category of model cars. Because many were originally sold as playthings, there is no precise difference between a model car and a toy car, yet the collector hobby became popular in the 1960’s and precision detailed miniatures made specifically for adults are an increasing part of the market. Toys as a â€Å"big business† did not begin until after the 1830’s, when steamboats and steam trains improved the transportation and distribution of manufactured goods. Early toymakers used wood, tin, or cast iron to fashion horses, soldiers, wagons, and other simple toys. Miniature models of automobiles first appeared as slush cast plaster or iron toys made in the early decades of the 1900’s. Tin and pressed steel cars, trucks, and military vehicles followed in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Casting vehicles in various alloys, usually zinc (called zamac or mazac), also started during these decades and came on strong particularly after World War II. Post war, the zinc alloy vehicles became ever more popular in Europe in particular. While die-cast metal cars were either large scale collectors type or smaller consumer â€Å"Matchbox† type-toys are made of metal and plastic, the metal used commonly is Zamak (or Mazak), an alloy of zinc and aluminum[9], these were seen in America and they were often simple, while plastics also surged and became prominent. Tin and pressed steel came to Japan, rather late, during the 1950’s and 1960’s, and that country quickly moved into die-cast by the 1970’s. Today, China, and other countries of Southeast Asia are the main producers of die-cast metal European, American, and Japanese companies. 10] Many model cars were not intended either for toys or for collecting. As early as the 1930’s and perhaps earlier, the manufacturers of real automobiles would design and construct scale and full-sized models to plan new products or promote the company. Sometimes styling or concept models were made out of wood or clay. Models could also be precise replicas crafted out of the same materials as the real vehicle. As time went by, some companies even made their own models or toys attracting the next generation to their products. Scale miniatures were actually made for children and for them to have an idea on how to make better miniatures or design, the researcher can make use of plastic, die-cast metal, resin, and even wood. What ever materials are used, the finished product would be a success if a great idea or design was made. By the mid-1960’s, plastic model kits had become more plentiful and varied with increased level of detail. Typically, the kits often had opening hoods, separate engines and detailed suspension parts. The mid-1960’s is generally considered the â€Å"golden age† of plastic model car kits. In addition to building them stock, most annual kits offered â€Å"3-in-1† versions which allowed the builder to assemble the car in stock, custom, or racing form. Interest in model car kits began to wane in the mid-1970’s as a result of builders growing older and moving on to their pursuits. New model specific magazines sprang up, such as Scale Auto Enthusiast, (now simply Scale Auto) and Model Cars Magazine. These magazines spread the word, helped advertisers, and brought modelers together from all across the country. Today, many of the classic models from the golden age of modeling have been reissued. Not only does this allow modelers to build the cars the always wanted (but couldn’t obtain or afford), but it tends to lower the prices of the originals. In some cases, models of cars from the 1950’s and 1960’s have been issued with all-new tooling, which allows for even more detailing made possible with modern kit design and manufacturing methods. Today, model car companies are still in business, fueled by a renewed interest in model car building and collecting. Modelers today can make advantage of modern technology, which includes photo etched details, dhesive chrome foil for chrome trim, wiring for engine, and billet-aluminum parts. Many builders today can take a basic kit and detail it so it resembles a real car, in miniature. The internet has also fueled a growing modeling community through websites, online forums and bulletin boards, and sites that host photographs, allowing the hobby to expand internationally. Related Studies When referring to technology t oday, many people automatically think that the referral is in regards to computers, the Internet and Information Technology. Technology such as steam locomotion, the creation of the printing press and space travel, are all considered major forms of technology that have affected society and culture throughout history. All these technologies have huge impacts on society and culture. In considering the fact that shortly before the steam engine was invented, the favorite mode of travel was horse and buggy. The advantages brought by the steam engine immediately became apparent. Those advantages were not only available to individuals wishing for travel, but the transportation of goods to the marketplace had probably even more impact. Steam engine technology became a very important cog in the societal wheel of progress, moving passengers and cargo quickly and efficiently throughout the world, especially in Europe. Towns near railway stations quickly grew as people and companies wished to be near the easy side. The effect then of steam engine technology was to bring great distances much closer together while at the same time making goods and services more available and less expensive. Though other forms of transportation now overshadow steam locomotion it still has much influence over citizens’ lives. Sometimes the impact can be negative, especially as the railroad grew more aged and brittle. Steam has been used for projects like steam airships. According to Thomas J. Goodey, â€Å"The idea of using steam (H2O in its vapor phase) as LTA lift gas either for a balloon or an airship has been suggested many times. These suggestions all appear to have remained merely theoretical, although several were quite detailed. It appears that no full-scale trials, or even experiments, have ever been performed. Yet the idea of using steam as lift gas is attractive, although there are some obvious difficulties. [11] Obviously the non-rigid steam airship does not have the potential to displace the helium airship in every application. However the researcher thought that it will have its niche. Specifically, the researcher thought that a steam airship would be able to satisfy the demands that hot-air airships try to satisfy but fail. The project though did not succeed. The low cost and the conveni ence in ground handling of a Steam Airship will, in this restricted operational context, more than compensate for its deficiencies. The group of researchers then tried to find another external site where steam is being used to make something work. And we found this project wherein it shows how steam engine is constructed. Quoted from the project, â€Å"From the Research and development perspective, I have done much research on the topic of Flash Steam Engines and have seen applications where flash boilers power live steam engines. But these devices are not flash steam engines. Since the steam does not actually flash in the engines combustion chamber (or cylinder). Instead the steam will flash in the boiler device and reaches the engine as common live steam. Hence there is no real innovation in these devices. And quite frankly a live steam engine leaves much to be desired. In terms of efficiency and operating characteristics, many things may be improved in the way of valve gear. But in the end all you have is a live steam. † [12] The researcher of that project also gave recommendations and gave emphasis to things that should be remembered. Direct Injection is the preferred method used to run these types of engines. The DI valve thats used in the applications features a variable lift mechanism, this is necessary in order to throttle such engines. Initially very high pressure and or supercritical steam/water were injected into the engines. This did in fact work, but is not considered user friendly. High pressures are still used for the injected water, such as 2000psi hydrostatic pressure, derived from a pump, this is needed to maintain high rpm engine speed, the injected water does not contain super-critical energies, but is heated somewhat, such as to 400 °f. [13] Another project said that if wood will be used as the major component, it should be noted that even if a boiler is built, the engine probably wouldnt work well. In the presence of steam the wood would swell and warp causing problems. A simple solution to this problem would be to replace the wood parts with aluminum ones. [14] Over the years, steam locomotives have become a very popular image in representation of trains. Many toy trains based on steam locomotives are made, thereby making the image iconic with trains to children. Steam Engines are still around, and they are in wide use, but most take the form of the steam turbine engine. The steam turbine is responsible for generating about 86% of the electric power used on this planet. That probably is a qualifier for current use. Steam engines, either the piston or turbine type, are used on most big ships, and there are still a few steam locomotives about. [15] As for toy cars, they continue to evolve in many ways, from battery powered, to ones that use renewable energy, such as solar, water. Synthesis In this chapter, it has been discussed on how steam engines work, including the many fundamental methods used. It discussed what steam is and how it became very useful to our society today. It defined steam engine. It is also stated in this chapter different advantage and disadvantages of steam engine, how it is being done and its different applications. It discussed the history of toys, how it emerged from wooden dolls to our present high-technology dolls, toy cars, etc. Lastly, the chapter also summarizes all of the studies and findings of different researchers regarding steam and steam engines. Definition of Terms Aluminum. Aluminium or aluminum (US English) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earths crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earths solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. [4] The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Atmospheric pressure. It is the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface in Earth’s atmosphere. Boiler. It is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exists the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications. Electricity. It is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. Fuel. Is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner. Heat. In physics and thermodynamics, heat is energy transferred from one body, region, or thermodynamic system to another due to thermal contact or thermal radiation when the systems are at different temperatures. Helium. Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4. 002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions. It is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant element in the observable universe Internal combustion engine. It is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and pressure gas produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine, such as pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. Locomotive. It is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. It was first used in the early 19th century to distinguish between mobile and stationary steam engines. Machine. It manages power to accomplish a task. In common usage, the meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or assist in performing any type of work. Methylated spirits. It is a mixture of Ethyl alcohol (95%) and methyl alcohol (5%). The methyl alcohol is poisonous and is added to prevent the methylated spirits being used as cheap drinking alcohol. Miniature. It is a model, copy, or similar representation on a very small scale. Model car. Also referred to as ‘toy car’. It is a miniature representation of an automobile. Pipe. It is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow; liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of small solids. Piston. It is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas, compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder wall. Pressure. It is an effect that occurs when a force is applied on a surface. Pressure is the amount of force acting on a unit area. Rankine Cycle. It is a cycle that converts heat into work wherein the heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water. This cycle generates about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath. The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. Steam. It is the technical term for water vapor, the gaseous phase of water, which is formed when water boils. In common language it is often used to refer to the visible mist of water droplets formed as this water vapor condenses in the presence of cooler air. Steam boat. It is also called, steamship or steamer. It is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Steam donkey. Steam donkey, or donkey engine is the common nickname for a steam-powered winch, or logging engine widely used in past logging operations, though not limited to logging. They were also found in the mining, maritime, and nearly any other industry that needed a powered winch. Steam engine. Is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are typically external combustion engines. Steam Locomotive. It is a locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. The locomotive is usually fueled by a coal, wood, or oil. This fuel is burned to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind. Steam turbine engine. It is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. Toy train. It is a toy that represents a train. A toy train can be as simple as a pull toy that does not even run on track, or it might be operated by clockwork or a battery. Turbine. It is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. Valve. It is a device that regulates, directs, or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Water. It is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Zamak. Is a family of alloys with a base metal of zinc and alloying elements of aluminum, magnesium, and copper. The name zamak is an acronym of the German names for the metals of which the alloys are composed (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and copper). Notes 1 Noah Webster, â€Å"The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language†, Lexicon Publications, Inc. , 2004, ISBN 0-7172-4692-2 2 Singh, R Paul, â€Å"Introduction to Food Engineering. †, 2001 Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-646384-2. 3 Wiser, Wendell H. â€Å"Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use. †, 2000 Birkhauser. p. 190. ISBN 9780387987446. Carl Bevelhymer, Steam, Gotham Gazette, November 10, 2003 5 â€Å"American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth Edition ed. )†. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 6 Wiser, Wendell H. â€Å"Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use. †, 2000 Birkhauser. p. 190. ISBN 9780387987446. 7 December 12, 2011, 1st para graph â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steam_donkey† 8 Thomson, Ross â€Å"Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United Sates 1790-1865†, 2009. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 34. ISBN 13:978-0-8018-9141-0. â€Å"http://www. ehow. com/how_6319749_make-diecast-model-car-kits. html† 10 â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Model_car† 11 â€Å"http://www. flyingkettle. com/index. html† 12 December 15, 2011, 5th paragraph, â€Å"http://www. flashsteam. com/Steam_Engine_Project. htm† 13 December 18, 2011, 1st paragraph, Jeremy W. Holmes, American Corn Burner Co. Miami, FL. USA â€Å"http://www. flashsteam. com/steam_proj3. htm† 14 â€Å"http://www. instructables. com/id/A-Simple-Steam-Engine-Anyone-Can-Build/† 15 December 17, 2011, 1st paragraph, â€Å"http://wiki. answers. com/Q/Are_steam_engines_still_being_used#ixzz1aGnnptps†